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TIME: Almanac 1995
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<text id=93TT1725>
<title>
May 17, 1993: How the Doves Became Hawks
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
May 17, 1993 Anguish over Bosnia
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
ESSAY, Page 74
How the Doves Became Hawks
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Charles Krauthammer
</p>
<p> "If there is one overriding principle that will guide me
in this job, it will be the inescapable responsibility to build a
peaceful world and to terminate the abominable injustices and
conditions that still plague civilization."
</p>
<p>-- U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Madeleine Albright,
</p>
<p> Feb. 1, 1993
</p>
<p> It has been a long time since American liberals have been
accused of excessive interventionism abroad. About 30 years.
John Kennedy in his Inaugural Address promised to "pay any
price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend,
oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of
liberty." It was the single most ambitious formulation of
American goals in the cold war.
</p>
<p> Such expansiveness led Kennedy into Vietnam. And that led
liberals not just to desert the Vietnam adventure, but to desert
the very vision of American internationalism that Kennedy, and
Democrats from Harry Truman to Hubert Humphrey, had championed.
</p>
<p> With Vietnam, American liberalism entered a period of
profound isolationism. Just about every subsequent intervention,
from Nicaragua to Kuwait, aroused loud liberal protest. The
high-water mark was reached on Jan. 12, 1991, when Democrats led
the fight to deny President Bush authority to use force against
Iraq--and came within three votes of carrying the Senate.
</p>
<p> Another age, another presidency, another trumpet. Bill
Clinton declared in his Inaugural Address that America will act
"with force when necessary" to protect its "vital interests."
But he did not stop there. He then pledged American action when
"the will and conscience of the international community is
defied."
</p>
<p> Thus was enunciated the Clinton doctrine of humanitarian
intervention. Yes, there will be interventions for our national
interest. But there will also be interventions for reasons of
conscience. It has been a long road from Vietnam: the
conscientious objector has become the conscientious warrior.
</p>
<p> This declaration was greeted as a breakthrough, a new
vision of America in the post-cold war world. A breakthrough it
is. And a dangerous one. It is getting us into Bosnia where,
despite convoluted attempts at fashioning some rationale based
on some vital American interest, everyone knows we are going in
for reasons of conscience.
</p>
<p> Is conscience a good enough reason? Many liberals think
so. Indeed, for many, conscience is the only good reason. The
new liberal orthodoxy is that only disinterested intervention
is pure and pristine enough to justify the use of force.
Violence undertaken for the purpose of securing American
interests is not.
</p>
<p> This is the key to understanding the amazing transmutation
of cold war and Gulf War doves into Bosnia hawks: their deep
suspicion of motives of national interest. In a recent debate,
Anthony Lewis called George Bush a "gutless wimp" for letting
the Serbs overrun Bosnia. It was pointed out that the gutless
wimp took half a million Americans to war to liberate Kuwait.
"Yes," replied Lewis triumphantly, "he did because of oil,
O-I-L, the famous three-letter word." Any wimp, you see, can go
to war for some vital national interest. Real men go to war for
reasons of right.
</p>
<p> For post-cold war liberalism, self-interest is a tainted,
corrupting motive for intervention. It is not just a dispensable
criterion for intervention; it is disqualifying. The apparent
liberal flip-flops on intervention now begin to make sense. In
the Persian Gulf, where American national interests are
seriously engaged, they opposed armed intervention. In Somalia,
where American national interests are not at all engaged, they
supported armed intervention. And in Bosnia, where American
national interests stand to be seriously jeopardized by
intervention, they are positively enthusiastic for intervention.
</p>
<p> Not, of course, out of any desire to injure America. On
the contrary, out of the deep desire to purify, to redeem
America by making it an instrument of justice. The critics do
not lack for patriotism. On the contrary, they sincerely wish
to ennoble America with a foreign policy of altruism. And
because only intervention devoid of self-interest is morally
unimpeachable, it is the only kind that a good conscience can
support.
</p>
<p> What to say of these liberal hawks? That they are marked
by good faith but a terrible confusion. The confusion is
between individual and national morality. In private conduct,
altruism is the ideal. For a nation, it can mean ruin. In
private conduct, self-interest is a suspect motive. Intervening
in a fight for reasons of right is the stuff of western heroes.
Intervening in a fight because you need the weaker party's oil
is not.
</p>
<p> But it is fatally naive to transfer such reasoning to
foreign policy. Nations are not individuals. Nations live in a
state of nature. There is no higher authority to protect them.
If they do not protect themselves, they die. Ignoring one's
interests, squandering one's resources in fits of altruism, is
the fastest road to national disaster.
</p>
<p> In such a dangerous arena, thinking with one's heart is a
serious offense. Foreign policy is not social work. Yes, we
should risk war when our will and conscience are challenged. But
only when our most vital interests are challenged too.
</p>
<p> God protect us from our better instincts. In the
post-Soviet world it is difficult to enunciate firm principles
of American action. But until we figure out what we must do, we
can start by prudently deciding what we must not do: allow
ourselves to be driven to war by unreflective, overweening
moralism.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>